The Pollard script, also known as Pollard Miao (Chinese: 柏格理苗文 Bó Gélǐ Miao-wen) or Miao, is an abugida based on the Latin alphabet and invented by Methodist missionary Sam Pollard.

Pollard invented the script for use with A-Hmao, one of the several Miao languages. The script underwent a series of revisions until 1936, when there was published a translation of the New Testament, containing Pollard Miao.

The Legend

The introduction of Christian materials in the script that Pollard invented caused a great impact among the Miao. Part of the reason was that they had a legend about how their ancestors had possessed a script but lost it. According to the legend, the script would be brought back some day. When the script was introduced, many Miao came from far away to see and learn it.

Other influencers

Pollard credited the basic idea of the script to the Cree syllabics designed by James Evans in 1838–1841. “While working out the problem, we remembered the case of the syllabics used by a Methodist missionary among the Indians of North America, and resolved to do as he had done”. He also gave credit to a Chinese pastor, “Stephen Lee assisted me very ably in this matter, and at last we arrived at a system”.

Further changes

Changing politics in China led to the use of several competing scripts, most of which were romanizations. The Pollard script remains popular among Hmong in China, although Hmong outside China tend to use one of the alternative scripts. A revision of the script was completed in 1988, and the script remains in use.

As with most other abugidas, the Pollard letters represent consonants, whereas vowels are indicated by diacritics. Uniquely, however, the position of this diacritic is varied to represent tone. For example, in Western Hmong, placing the vowel diacritic above the consonant letter indicates that the syllable has a high tone, whereas placing it at the bottom right indicates a low tone.

Properties

Range 16F00–16F9F
Characters 160

List of Characters

  • Consonant onsets

  • 𖼀
    Miao Letter Pa
  • 𖼁
    Miao Letter Ba
  • 𖼂
    Miao Letter Yi Pa
  • 𖼃
    Miao Letter Pla
  • 𖼄
    Miao Letter Ma
  • 𖼅
    Miao Letter Mha
  • 𖼆
    Miao Letter Archaic Ma
  • 𖼇
    Miao Letter Fa
  • 𖼈
    Miao Letter Va
  • 𖼉
    Miao Letter Vfa
  • 𖼊
    Miao Letter Ta
  • 𖼋
    Miao Letter Da
  • 𖼌
    Miao Letter Yi Tta
  • 𖼍
    Miao Letter Yi Ta
  • 𖼎
    Miao Letter Tta
  • 𖼏
    Miao Letter Dda
  • 𖼐
    Miao Letter Na
  • 𖼑
    Miao Letter Nha
  • 𖼒
    Miao Letter Yi Nna
  • 𖼓
    Miao Letter Archaic Na
  • 𖼔
    Miao Letter Nna
  • 𖼕
    Miao Letter Nnha
  • 𖼖
    Miao Letter La
  • 𖼗
    Miao Letter Lya
  • 𖼘
    Miao Letter Lha
  • 𖼙
    Miao Letter Lhya
  • 𖼚
    Miao Letter Tlha
  • 𖼛
    Miao Letter Dlha
  • 𖼜
    Miao Letter Tlhya
  • 𖼝
    Miao Letter Dlhya
  • 𖼞
    Miao Letter Ka
  • 𖼟
    Miao Letter Ga
  • 𖼠
    Miao Letter Yi Ka
  • 𖼡
    Miao Letter Qa
  • 𖼢
    Miao Letter Qga
  • 𖼣
    Miao Letter Nga
  • 𖼤
    Miao Letter Ngha
  • 𖼥
    Miao Letter Archaic Nga
  • 𖼦
    Miao Letter Ha
  • 𖼧
    Miao Letter Xa
  • 𖼨
    Miao Letter Gha
  • 𖼩
    Miao Letter Ghha
  • 𖼪
    Miao Letter Tssa
  • 𖼫
    Miao Letter Dzza
  • 𖼬
    Miao Letter Nya
  • 𖼭
    Miao Letter Nyha
  • 𖼮
    Miao Letter Tsha
  • 𖼯
    Miao Letter Dzha
  • 𖼰
    Miao Letter Yi Tsha
  • 𖼱
    Miao Letter Yi Dzha
  • 𖼲
    Miao Letter Reformed Tsha
  • 𖼳
    Miao Letter Sha
  • 𖼴
    Miao Letter Ssa
  • 𖼵
    Miao Letter Zha
  • 𖼶
    Miao Letter Zsha
  • 𖼷
    Miao Letter Tsa
  • 𖼸
    Miao Letter Dza
  • 𖼹
    Miao Letter Yi Tsa
  • 𖼺
    Miao Letter Sa
  • 𖼻
    Miao Letter Za
  • 𖼼
    Miao Letter Zsa
  • 𖼽
    Miao Letter Zza
  • 𖼾
    Miao Letter Zzsa
  • 𖼿
    Miao Letter Archaic Zza
  • 𖽀
    Miao Letter Zzya
  • 𖽁
    Miao Letter Zzsya
  • 𖽂
    Miao Letter Wa
  • 𖽃
    Miao Letter Ah
  • 𖽄
    Miao Letter Hha
  • 𖽅
    Miao Letter Bri
  • 𖽆
    Miao Letter Syi
  • 𖽇
    Miao Letter Dzyi
  • 𖽈
    Miao Letter Te
  • 𖽉
    Miao Letter Tse
  • 𖽊
    Miao Letter Rte
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Modifiers

  • 𖽏
    Miao Sign Consonant Modifier Bar
  • 𖽐
    Miao Letter Nasalization
  • 𖽑
    Miao Sign Aspiration
  • 𖽒
    Miao Sign Reformed Voicing
  • 𖽓
    Miao Sign Reformed Aspiration
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Vowels and finals

  • 𖽔
    Miao Vowel Sign A
  • 𖽕
    Miao Vowel Sign Aa
  • 𖽖
    Miao Vowel Sign Ahh
  • 𖽗
    Miao Vowel Sign An
  • 𖽘
    Miao Vowel Sign Ang
  • 𖽙
    Miao Vowel Sign O
  • 𖽚
    Miao Vowel Sign Oo
  • 𖽛
    Miao Vowel Sign Wo
  • 𖽜
    Miao Vowel Sign W
  • 𖽝
    Miao Vowel Sign E
  • 𖽞
    Miao Vowel Sign En
  • 𖽟
    Miao Vowel Sign Eng
  • 𖽠
    Miao Vowel Sign Oey
  • 𖽡
    Miao Vowel Sign I
  • 𖽢
    Miao Vowel Sign Ia
  • 𖽣
    Miao Vowel Sign Ian
  • 𖽤
    Miao Vowel Sign Iang
  • 𖽥
    Miao Vowel Sign Io
  • 𖽦
    Miao Vowel Sign Ie
  • 𖽧
    Miao Vowel Sign Ii
  • 𖽨
    Miao Vowel Sign Iu
  • 𖽩
    Miao Vowel Sign Ing
  • 𖽪
    Miao Vowel Sign U
  • 𖽫
    Miao Vowel Sign Ua
  • 𖽬
    Miao Vowel Sign Uan
  • 𖽭
    Miao Vowel Sign Uang
  • 𖽮
    Miao Vowel Sign Uu
  • 𖽯
    Miao Vowel Sign Uei
  • 𖽰
    Miao Vowel Sign Ung
  • 𖽱
    Miao Vowel Sign Y
  • 𖽲
    Miao Vowel Sign Yi
  • 𖽳
    Miao Vowel Sign Ae
  • 𖽴
    Miao Vowel Sign Aee
  • 𖽵
    Miao Vowel Sign Err
  • 𖽶
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Err
  • 𖽷
    Miao Vowel Sign Er
  • 𖽸
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Er
  • 𖽹
    Miao Vowel Sign Ai
  • 𖽺
    Miao Vowel Sign Ei
  • 𖽻
    Miao Vowel Sign Au
  • 𖽼
    Miao Vowel Sign Ou
  • 𖽽
    Miao Vowel Sign N
  • 𖽾
    Miao Vowel Sign Ng
  • 𖽿
    Miao Vowel Sign Uog
  • 𖾀
    Miao Vowel Sign Yui
  • 𖾁
    Miao Vowel Sign Og
  • 𖾂
    Miao Vowel Sign Oer
  • 𖾃
    Miao Vowel Sign Vw
  • 𖾄
    Miao Vowel Sign Ig
  • 𖾅
    Miao Vowel Sign Ea
  • 𖾆
    Miao Vowel Sign Iong
  • 𖾇
    Miao Vowel Sign Ui
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • 𖽏
    Miao Sign Consonant Modifier Bar
  • 𖽐
    Miao Letter Nasalization
  • 𖽑
    Miao Sign Aspiration
  • 𖽒
    Miao Sign Reformed Voicing
  • 𖽓
    Miao Sign Reformed Aspiration
  • 𖽔
    Miao Vowel Sign A
  • 𖽕
    Miao Vowel Sign Aa
  • 𖽖
    Miao Vowel Sign Ahh
  • 𖽗
    Miao Vowel Sign An
  • 𖽘
    Miao Vowel Sign Ang
  • 𖽙
    Miao Vowel Sign O
  • 𖽚
    Miao Vowel Sign Oo
  • 𖽛
    Miao Vowel Sign Wo
  • 𖽜
    Miao Vowel Sign W
  • 𖽝
    Miao Vowel Sign E
  • 𖽞
    Miao Vowel Sign En
  • 𖽟
    Miao Vowel Sign Eng
  • 𖽠
    Miao Vowel Sign Oey
  • 𖽡
    Miao Vowel Sign I
  • 𖽢
    Miao Vowel Sign Ia
  • 𖽣
    Miao Vowel Sign Ian
  • 𖽤
    Miao Vowel Sign Iang
  • 𖽥
    Miao Vowel Sign Io
  • 𖽦
    Miao Vowel Sign Ie
  • 𖽧
    Miao Vowel Sign Ii
  • 𖽨
    Miao Vowel Sign Iu
  • 𖽩
    Miao Vowel Sign Ing
  • 𖽪
    Miao Vowel Sign U
  • 𖽫
    Miao Vowel Sign Ua
  • 𖽬
    Miao Vowel Sign Uan
  • 𖽭
    Miao Vowel Sign Uang
  • 𖽮
    Miao Vowel Sign Uu
  • 𖽯
    Miao Vowel Sign Uei
  • 𖽰
    Miao Vowel Sign Ung
  • 𖽱
    Miao Vowel Sign Y
  • 𖽲
    Miao Vowel Sign Yi
  • 𖽳
    Miao Vowel Sign Ae
  • 𖽴
    Miao Vowel Sign Aee
  • 𖽵
    Miao Vowel Sign Err
  • 𖽶
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Err
  • 𖽷
    Miao Vowel Sign Er
  • 𖽸
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Er
  • 𖽹
    Miao Vowel Sign Ai
  • 𖽺
    Miao Vowel Sign Ei
  • 𖽻
    Miao Vowel Sign Au
  • 𖽼
    Miao Vowel Sign Ou
  • 𖽽
    Miao Vowel Sign N
  • 𖽾
    Miao Vowel Sign Ng
  • 𖽿
    Miao Vowel Sign Uog
  • 𖾀
    Miao Vowel Sign Yui
  • 𖾁
    Miao Vowel Sign Og
  • 𖾂
    Miao Vowel Sign Oer
  • 𖾃
    Miao Vowel Sign Vw
  • 𖾄
    Miao Vowel Sign Ig
  • 𖾅
    Miao Vowel Sign Ea
  • 𖾆
    Miao Vowel Sign Iong
  • 𖾇
    Miao Vowel Sign Ui
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Positioning tone marks

  • 𖾏
    Miao Tone Right
  • 𖾐
    Miao Tone Top Right
  • 𖾑
    Miao Tone Above
  • 𖾒
    Miao Tone Below
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • 𖽏
    Miao Sign Consonant Modifier Bar
  • 𖽐
    Miao Letter Nasalization
  • 𖽑
    Miao Sign Aspiration
  • 𖽒
    Miao Sign Reformed Voicing
  • 𖽓
    Miao Sign Reformed Aspiration
  • 𖽔
    Miao Vowel Sign A
  • 𖽕
    Miao Vowel Sign Aa
  • 𖽖
    Miao Vowel Sign Ahh
  • 𖽗
    Miao Vowel Sign An
  • 𖽘
    Miao Vowel Sign Ang
  • 𖽙
    Miao Vowel Sign O
  • 𖽚
    Miao Vowel Sign Oo
  • 𖽛
    Miao Vowel Sign Wo
  • 𖽜
    Miao Vowel Sign W
  • 𖽝
    Miao Vowel Sign E
  • 𖽞
    Miao Vowel Sign En
  • 𖽟
    Miao Vowel Sign Eng
  • 𖽠
    Miao Vowel Sign Oey
  • 𖽡
    Miao Vowel Sign I
  • 𖽢
    Miao Vowel Sign Ia
  • 𖽣
    Miao Vowel Sign Ian
  • 𖽤
    Miao Vowel Sign Iang
  • 𖽥
    Miao Vowel Sign Io
  • 𖽦
    Miao Vowel Sign Ie
  • 𖽧
    Miao Vowel Sign Ii
  • 𖽨
    Miao Vowel Sign Iu
  • 𖽩
    Miao Vowel Sign Ing
  • 𖽪
    Miao Vowel Sign U
  • 𖽫
    Miao Vowel Sign Ua
  • 𖽬
    Miao Vowel Sign Uan
  • 𖽭
    Miao Vowel Sign Uang
  • 𖽮
    Miao Vowel Sign Uu
  • 𖽯
    Miao Vowel Sign Uei
  • 𖽰
    Miao Vowel Sign Ung
  • 𖽱
    Miao Vowel Sign Y
  • 𖽲
    Miao Vowel Sign Yi
  • 𖽳
    Miao Vowel Sign Ae
  • 𖽴
    Miao Vowel Sign Aee
  • 𖽵
    Miao Vowel Sign Err
  • 𖽶
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Err
  • 𖽷
    Miao Vowel Sign Er
  • 𖽸
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Er
  • 𖽹
    Miao Vowel Sign Ai
  • 𖽺
    Miao Vowel Sign Ei
  • 𖽻
    Miao Vowel Sign Au
  • 𖽼
    Miao Vowel Sign Ou
  • 𖽽
    Miao Vowel Sign N
  • 𖽾
    Miao Vowel Sign Ng
  • 𖽿
    Miao Vowel Sign Uog
  • 𖾀
    Miao Vowel Sign Yui
  • 𖾁
    Miao Vowel Sign Og
  • 𖾂
    Miao Vowel Sign Oer
  • 𖾃
    Miao Vowel Sign Vw
  • 𖾄
    Miao Vowel Sign Ig
  • 𖾅
    Miao Vowel Sign Ea
  • 𖾆
    Miao Vowel Sign Iong
  • 𖾇
    Miao Vowel Sign Ui
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Baseline tone marks

  • 𖾓
    Miao Letter Tone-2
  • 𖾔
    Miao Letter Tone-3
  • 𖾕
    Miao Letter Tone-4
  • 𖾖
    Miao Letter Tone-5
  • 𖾗
    Miao Letter Tone-6
  • 𖾘
    Miao Letter Tone-7
  • 𖾙
    Miao Letter Tone-8
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • 𖽏
    Miao Sign Consonant Modifier Bar
  • 𖽐
    Miao Letter Nasalization
  • 𖽑
    Miao Sign Aspiration
  • 𖽒
    Miao Sign Reformed Voicing
  • 𖽓
    Miao Sign Reformed Aspiration
  • 𖽔
    Miao Vowel Sign A
  • 𖽕
    Miao Vowel Sign Aa
  • 𖽖
    Miao Vowel Sign Ahh
  • 𖽗
    Miao Vowel Sign An
  • 𖽘
    Miao Vowel Sign Ang
  • 𖽙
    Miao Vowel Sign O
  • 𖽚
    Miao Vowel Sign Oo
  • 𖽛
    Miao Vowel Sign Wo
  • 𖽜
    Miao Vowel Sign W
  • 𖽝
    Miao Vowel Sign E
  • 𖽞
    Miao Vowel Sign En
  • 𖽟
    Miao Vowel Sign Eng
  • 𖽠
    Miao Vowel Sign Oey
  • 𖽡
    Miao Vowel Sign I
  • 𖽢
    Miao Vowel Sign Ia
  • 𖽣
    Miao Vowel Sign Ian
  • 𖽤
    Miao Vowel Sign Iang
  • 𖽥
    Miao Vowel Sign Io
  • 𖽦
    Miao Vowel Sign Ie
  • 𖽧
    Miao Vowel Sign Ii
  • 𖽨
    Miao Vowel Sign Iu
  • 𖽩
    Miao Vowel Sign Ing
  • 𖽪
    Miao Vowel Sign U
  • 𖽫
    Miao Vowel Sign Ua
  • 𖽬
    Miao Vowel Sign Uan
  • 𖽭
    Miao Vowel Sign Uang
  • 𖽮
    Miao Vowel Sign Uu
  • 𖽯
    Miao Vowel Sign Uei
  • 𖽰
    Miao Vowel Sign Ung
  • 𖽱
    Miao Vowel Sign Y
  • 𖽲
    Miao Vowel Sign Yi
  • 𖽳
    Miao Vowel Sign Ae
  • 𖽴
    Miao Vowel Sign Aee
  • 𖽵
    Miao Vowel Sign Err
  • 𖽶
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Err
  • 𖽷
    Miao Vowel Sign Er
  • 𖽸
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Er
  • 𖽹
    Miao Vowel Sign Ai
  • 𖽺
    Miao Vowel Sign Ei
  • 𖽻
    Miao Vowel Sign Au
  • 𖽼
    Miao Vowel Sign Ou
  • 𖽽
    Miao Vowel Sign N
  • 𖽾
    Miao Vowel Sign Ng
  • 𖽿
    Miao Vowel Sign Uog
  • 𖾀
    Miao Vowel Sign Yui
  • 𖾁
    Miao Vowel Sign Og
  • 𖾂
    Miao Vowel Sign Oer
  • 𖾃
    Miao Vowel Sign Vw
  • 𖾄
    Miao Vowel Sign Ig
  • 𖾅
    Miao Vowel Sign Ea
  • 𖾆
    Miao Vowel Sign Iong
  • 𖾇
    Miao Vowel Sign Ui
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Archaic baseline tone marks

  • 𖾚
    Miao Letter Reformed Tone-1
  • 𖾛
    Miao Letter Reformed Tone-2
  • 𖾜
    Miao Letter Reformed Tone-4
  • 𖾝
    Miao Letter Reformed Tone-5
  • 𖾞
    Miao Letter Reformed Tone-6
  • 𖾟
    Miao Letter Reformed Tone-8
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • 𖽏
    Miao Sign Consonant Modifier Bar
  • 𖽐
    Miao Letter Nasalization
  • 𖽑
    Miao Sign Aspiration
  • 𖽒
    Miao Sign Reformed Voicing
  • 𖽓
    Miao Sign Reformed Aspiration
  • 𖽔
    Miao Vowel Sign A
  • 𖽕
    Miao Vowel Sign Aa
  • 𖽖
    Miao Vowel Sign Ahh
  • 𖽗
    Miao Vowel Sign An
  • 𖽘
    Miao Vowel Sign Ang
  • 𖽙
    Miao Vowel Sign O
  • 𖽚
    Miao Vowel Sign Oo
  • 𖽛
    Miao Vowel Sign Wo
  • 𖽜
    Miao Vowel Sign W
  • 𖽝
    Miao Vowel Sign E
  • 𖽞
    Miao Vowel Sign En
  • 𖽟
    Miao Vowel Sign Eng
  • 𖽠
    Miao Vowel Sign Oey
  • 𖽡
    Miao Vowel Sign I
  • 𖽢
    Miao Vowel Sign Ia
  • 𖽣
    Miao Vowel Sign Ian
  • 𖽤
    Miao Vowel Sign Iang
  • 𖽥
    Miao Vowel Sign Io
  • 𖽦
    Miao Vowel Sign Ie
  • 𖽧
    Miao Vowel Sign Ii
  • 𖽨
    Miao Vowel Sign Iu
  • 𖽩
    Miao Vowel Sign Ing
  • 𖽪
    Miao Vowel Sign U
  • 𖽫
    Miao Vowel Sign Ua
  • 𖽬
    Miao Vowel Sign Uan
  • 𖽭
    Miao Vowel Sign Uang
  • 𖽮
    Miao Vowel Sign Uu
  • 𖽯
    Miao Vowel Sign Uei
  • 𖽰
    Miao Vowel Sign Ung
  • 𖽱
    Miao Vowel Sign Y
  • 𖽲
    Miao Vowel Sign Yi
  • 𖽳
    Miao Vowel Sign Ae
  • 𖽴
    Miao Vowel Sign Aee
  • 𖽵
    Miao Vowel Sign Err
  • 𖽶
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Err
  • 𖽷
    Miao Vowel Sign Er
  • 𖽸
    Miao Vowel Sign Rounded Er
  • 𖽹
    Miao Vowel Sign Ai
  • 𖽺
    Miao Vowel Sign Ei
  • 𖽻
    Miao Vowel Sign Au
  • 𖽼
    Miao Vowel Sign Ou
  • 𖽽
    Miao Vowel Sign N
  • 𖽾
    Miao Vowel Sign Ng
  • 𖽿
    Miao Vowel Sign Uog
  • 𖾀
    Miao Vowel Sign Yui
  • 𖾁
    Miao Vowel Sign Og
  • 𖾂
    Miao Vowel Sign Oer
  • 𖾃
    Miao Vowel Sign Vw
  • 𖾄
    Miao Vowel Sign Ig
  • 𖾅
    Miao Vowel Sign Ea
  • 𖾆
    Miao Vowel Sign Iong
  • 𖾇
    Miao Vowel Sign Ui
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined
  • Not defined

Table of Characters

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